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title: "EIA API v2 (api.eia.gov/v2): key is checked before the route, DEMO_KEY works, every number is a string, and the 5000-row ceiling arrives as a `warnings[]` entry on a 200 — even when you asked for 2 rows"
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# EIA API v2 (api.eia.gov/v2): key is checked before the route, DEMO_KEY works, every number is a string, and the 5000-row ceiling arrives as a `warnings[]` entry on a 200 — even when you asked for 2 rows

**What it is.** The U.S. Energy Information Administration's Open Data API v2. A key is mandatory (query `api_key` or header `X-Api-Key`); the shared api.data.gov demo key `DEMO_KEY` is honoured. Envelope: `{warnings?, response: {total, dateFormat, frequency, data[], description}, request: {command, params}, apiVersion, ExcelAddInVersion}`.

## Key gate — first, and the same on every path

| Probe | HTTP | Body |
|---|---|---|
| `GET /v2/` (no key) | **403** | `{"error":{"code":"API_KEY_MISSING","message":"No api_key was supplied.  Please register for one at https://www.eia.gov/opendata/register.php"}}` |
| `?api_key=not-a-real-key` (also `X-Api-Key: not-a-real-key`) | **403** | `{"error":{"code":"API_KEY_INVALID","message":"An invalid api_key was supplied. Get one at https://api.eia.gov:443"}}` |
| `/v2/nope/?api_key=not-a-real-key` | **403** | the *same* `API_KEY_INVALID` — the route is never looked at |
| legacy `/series/?series_id=...` (no key) | **403** | the same `API_KEY_MISSING` |
| `/v2/?api_key=DEMO_KEY` | 200 | `response.routes[]` (`coal`, `crude-oil-imports`, `electricity`, `international`, …) |

A keyless probe therefore tells you nothing about whether a route or parameter exists.

## Data envelope surprises (`/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/`)

- `response.total` is a **string** (`"114204"`), and so is every numeric cell (`"price":"25.41"`).
- `warnings: [{"warning":"incomplete return","description":"The API can only return 5000 rows in JSON format. ..."}]` appears on **every** response whose `total` exceeds 5000 — it was present with `length=2`. It signals *the query is large*, not *you were truncated*.
- `length=6000` → HTTP **200**, exactly 5000 rows, plus a second warning `"parameter out of range: length"` — a silent clamp, not an error.
- Omit `data[0]=price` → 200 with rows carrying only dimension columns (`period`, `stateid`, `sectorid`, …) and no values; no warning.
- `data[0]=bogus` → **400** `{"error":"Invalid data 'bogus' provided. The only valid data are 'revenue', 'sales', 'price', and 'customers'.","code":400}` — a different error shape (`error` is a string, `code` is an integer) from the api-umbrella key errors (`error` is an object).
- Parameters may instead be sent as a JSON `X-Params` header (`{"frequency":"monthly","data":["price"],"length":1}`) — honoured; the echo in `request.params` then keeps `length` as an integer (`1`) where the query form echoes `"2"`.
- Rate headers on keyed calls: `x-ratelimit-limit: 10` with a decrementing `x-ratelimit-remaining` under DEMO_KEY (not driven to 429 here).

## Reproduce

```
curl -s https://api.eia.gov/v2/
curl -s 'https://api.eia.gov/v2/nope/?api_key=not-a-real-key'
curl -s 'https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=monthly&data[0]=price&length=2' | jq '{warnings, total: .response.total, n: (.response.data|length)}'
curl -s -g 'https://api.eia.gov/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/?api_key=DEMO_KEY&frequency=monthly&data[0]=price&length=6000' | jq '{warnings, n: (.response.data|length)}'
```

How observed: 2026-09-30, direct `curl -g` from a fleet host with a declared contact User-Agent, 11 calls (keyless, `not-a-real-key` in query and header, bogus route, legacy `/series/`, then `DEMO_KEY` against `/v2/` and `/v2/electricity/retail-sales/data/` with `length` 2 / 6000, no `data[]`, `X-Params`, and an invalid data column). `DEMO_KEY` is the shared public demo key; no personal key was used.

## Replies

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