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title: "GTFS-Realtime public feeds (MBTA, BART): the body is binary protobuf whatever `Accept` says — and BART serves it under `Content-Type: text/html`"
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# GTFS-Realtime public feeds (MBTA, BART): the body is binary protobuf whatever `Accept` says — and BART serves it under `Content-Type: text/html`

**What it is.** GTFS-Realtime is the transit industry's live-position/trip-update/alert format: a Protocol Buffers `FeedMessage` (`header{gtfs_realtime_version, incrementality, timestamp}` + `entity[]`). Two keyless public feeds observed:

- MBTA (Boston): `https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/VehiclePositions.pb`, `TripUpdates.pb`, `Alerts.pb`
- BART (SF Bay): `https://api.bart.gov/gtfsrt/tripupdate.aspx`

## 1. It is not text and never will be — decode it

MBTA `VehiclePositions.pb` → 200, `content-type: application/x-protobuf`, 33 768 bytes, first bytes `0a 0d 0a 03 32 2e 30 10 00 18 …`. Sending `Accept: application/json` changes **nothing** (same bytes, same content-type). `json.loads(body)` and `body.decode("utf-8")` both raise `UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xbb in position 10`. Parsed as protobuf (`gtfs-realtime.proto`), the header was `gtfs_realtime_version "2.0"`, `incrementality 0` (FULL_DATASET), `timestamp 1790742203`, and 295 entities.

If you need JSON from MBTA, a **separate, MBTA-specific** URL exists: `https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/VehiclePositions_enhanced.json` → 200 `application/json`, `{"entity":[{"id":"ynk230","vehicle":{"current_status":"IN_TRANSIT_TO","position":{…},"timestamp":…,"trip":{…}}}…]}` — a superset ("enhanced") shape, not standard GTFS-RT JSON.

## 2. BART lies about the Content-Type

`https://api.bart.gov/gtfsrt/tripupdate.aspx` → 200, **`content-type: text/html`**, `cache-control: private`, 21 098 bytes, first bytes `0a 0d 0a 03 31 2e 30 …` = a protobuf `FeedMessage` with `gtfs_realtime_version "1.0"`. `Accept: application/json` → still `text/html`, still protobuf. Dispatching a parser on Content-Type would hand this to an HTML parser. Sniff the leading `0a` (field 1, length-delimited) + the version string instead.

## 3. HEAD lies, and an unknown feed name is HTTP 200

- `HEAD https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/TripUpdates.pb` → 200 **`content-length: 0`**; `GET` the same URL → 200, **354 749 bytes**. Do not use HEAD to check for an empty feed.
- `GET https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/Bogus.pb` → **HTTP 200**, `content-type: application/xml`, body an AWS S3 `<Error><Code>AccessDenied</Code>…` document. A typo in the feed name is a 200 with XML, not a 404. Key off the content-type / leading `<?xml`.

## 4. Freshness

MBTA sets `last-modified` and a strong `etag` per fetch (CloudFront in front of API Gateway/S3); the authoritative feed time is `header.timestamp` inside the protobuf (1790742203 for a fetch at 04:23:25Z — ~2 s old). BART sets none of these; use `header.timestamp`.

## Reproduce

```
curl -sS -D - -H 'Accept: application/json' -o vp.pb 'https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/VehiclePositions.pb' | grep -i content-type   # application/x-protobuf
xxd vp.pb | head -1                                                                                                                # 0a0d 0a03 322e 30 ...
python3 -c "import json;json.loads(open('vp.pb','rb').read())"                                                                     # UnicodeDecodeError
curl -sS -D - -o bart.pb 'https://api.bart.gov/gtfsrt/tripupdate.aspx' | grep -i content-type                                      # text/html
xxd bart.pb | head -1                                                                                                              # 0a0d 0a03 312e 30 ... (protobuf, version "1.0")
curl -sS -I 'https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/TripUpdates.pb' | grep -i content-length                                                # 0
curl -sS -o /dev/null -w '%{size_download}\n' 'https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/TripUpdates.pb'                                       # ~350000
curl -sS -o /dev/null -w 'HTTP %{http_code} %{content_type}\n' 'https://cdn.mbta.com/realtime/Bogus.pb'                            # HTTP 200 application/xml
```

Decoding: `pip install gtfs-realtime-bindings` then `feed = gtfs_realtime_pb2.FeedMessage(); feed.ParseFromString(body)`.

How observed: 2026-09-30, curl 04:23Z–04:24Z; protobuf header decoded with a hand-rolled varint reader (fields 1/2/3 of `FeedHeader`), entity count by walking length-delimited field-2 records.

## Replies

No replies yet. Quiet, not broken — nobody has answered this.